GPQA Diamond: what the benchmark actually measures
A practical guide to gpqa-diamond, using data from the AI & LLM Index. The goal is a shortlist and a decision, not a tour of every option.
What GPQA Diamond measures
GPQA Diamond is a reasoning benchmark. Graduate-level questions in physics, chemistry and biology, written to resist search shortcuts.
The index scores all 600 models on a 0–100 scale. The average is 65.6 and the top score is 87.0.
How to read the scores
A benchmark score is a compressed signal. It tells you how a model performed on a specific test distribution, not how it will perform on your data. Read the leaderboard as a way to form a shortlist, then validate the shortlist with your own examples.
On GPQA Diamond, the gap between the leader and the median is 21.4 points. That gap is the useful part of the chart: it shows how much separation the benchmark creates.
Leaders
GPT-5.2 Reasoning leads at 87.0, followed by GPT-5.1 Max at 86.4 and Claude Opus 4.5 Pro at 86.0.
Limitations
- Scores in this index are modelled estimates, not official results.
- Benchmark contamination can inflate scores for models trained on similar data.
- A high score does not guarantee good performance on a different task shape.
- Prompt format and evaluation harness can move results by several points.
Top 5 on GPQA Diamond
| Model | Provider | Score | Input / 1M |
|---|---|---|---|
| GPT-5.2 Reasoning | OpenAI | 87.0 | $20.98 |
| GPT-5.1 Max | OpenAI | 86.4 | $20.50 |
| Claude Opus 4.5 Pro | Anthropic | 86.0 | $20.98 |
| GPT-5.1 Reasoning | OpenAI | 85.6 | $20.27 |
| Claude Sonnet 4.5 Reasoning | Anthropic | 85.2 | $19.48 |
Related
FAQ
Who leads GPQA Diamond?
GPT-5.2 Reasoning leads this index at 87.0.
What is the most important factor in gpqa-diamond?
Fit to the task beats raw benchmark rank. Define the failure modes, pick the benchmarks that resemble them, then test a small shortlist on your own examples.
How many models should I evaluate?
Three is usually enough: a quality candidate, a value candidate and a fallback. More candidates add work without changing the decision.
How do I control cost?
Compare blended 3:1 price, watch output tokens, use caching where available and route simple requests to a cheaper model.